Diabetes in Pregnancy
Gestational diabetes refers to diabetes that is diagnosed during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes occurs in about 7 percent of all pregnancies, usually in the second half of the pregnancy. It almost always goes away as soon as your baby is born. However, if gestational diabetes is not treated during your pregnancy, you may experience some complications.
Causes
Pregnancy hormones cause the body to be resistant to the action of insulin, 胰腺分泌的一种激素,帮助身体利用食物提供的能量.
The carbohydrates you eat provide your body with a fuel called glucose, the sugar in the blood that nourishes your brain, heart, tissues and muscles. Glucose is also an important fuel for your developing baby. 在妊娠期糖尿病中,胰岛素不能有效地将葡萄糖转移到需要它的细胞中. 结果,葡萄糖在血液中积累,导致血糖水平升高.
Diagnosis
Gestational diabetes is diagnosed with a blood test. Your blood glucose level is measured after you drink a sweet beverage. If your blood sugar is too high, you have gestational diabetes. Sometimes one test is all that's needed to make a definitive diagnosis. 更常见的是,先进行初步筛选测试,然后再进行更长的评估.
妊娠期糖尿病通常在怀孕后期才会发生, 当胎盘产生更多干扰母亲胰岛素的激素时. Screening for gestational diabetes usually takes place at 24 to 28 weeks, but women at high risk are likely to be screened in the first trimester.
Risk Factors
许多风险因素与妊娠糖尿病有关,包括:
- Being overweight
- Giving birth to a baby that weighed more than 9 pounds
- Having a parent or sibling with diabetes
- Having had gestational diabetes in the past
- Having glucose in your urine
In addition, gestational diabetes occurs more often in African Americans, Native Americans, Latinas and women with a family history of diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes and Your Baby
Gestational diabetes can affect your developing baby in a couple of ways:
- High birth weight 母体血液中的高糖水平会导致婴儿变大,出生体重也会变高. 婴儿的胰腺会产生额外的胰岛素来应对更高的葡萄糖, which results in the baby storing extra fat and growing larger. A larger baby can make delivery more complicated for both mother and baby.
- Low blood sugar If your blood sugar has been elevated during the pregnancy, your baby may have low blood sugar, called hypoglycemia, shortly after birth. 当你的血糖高时,宝宝产生的额外胰岛素会在出生后的短时间内继续降低他们的血糖. Without the continued supply of sugar from maternal blood, your baby's blood sugar level may fall too low.
This is temporary, though, 照顾新生儿的护士和十大赌博平台排行榜会仔细监测你的宝宝,并治疗任何可能发生的低血糖发作.
Avoiding Complications
妊娠期糖尿病的并发症可以通过在怀孕期间控制血糖来预防. The goal of treatment is to keep your blood sugar in the normal range. 大多数血糖控制良好的妇女生下了健康的婴儿,没有任何并发症.
Treatment
Diet
治疗妊娠期糖尿病的第一步是调整饮食,使血糖保持在正常范围内. 与注册营养师见面,制定一个定制的饮食计划,帮助你控制血糖,这是一个好主意. You can also read up on Dietary Recommendations for Gestational Diabetes.
The main dietary principles:
- Avoid high-sugar foods. For the remainder of your pregnancy, avoid desserts, sweets, candy, cookies, soft drinks and fruit juice. You should eat fruit, but because fruit is high in natural sugar, limit it to one small serving at a time.
- Eat reasonable portions of high-carbohydrate foods. Carbohydrates are found in breads, cereals, rice, pasta, potatoes, beans, fruits, milk, yogurt and some vegetables. Carbohydrate foods break down into glucose during digestion. 它们很重要,因为它们含有你和你正在发育的宝宝所必需的营养. It's important to eat carbohydrate foods at each meal, but don't overeat.
- Eat smaller, more frequent meals. Space out the carbohydrate foods you consume throughout the day. 减少一次吃碳水化合物食物的份量意味着你需要吃更多的食物来满足怀孕期间的营养需求. 每餐少吃三顿,两餐之间吃三到四个零食可以帮助你在不升高血糖的情况下达到怀孕期间的饮食目标.
Blood Sugar Monitoring
了解妊娠期糖尿病是否得到适当控制的唯一方法是经常检查血糖. You'll be instructed on the use of a home blood sugar monitor. 你应该每天至少检查四次血糖,或者按照十大赌博平台排行榜的指示. 在早上吃任何东西或喝任何东西之前,检查你的空腹血糖. 在开始吃三顿正餐后一小时检查你的血糖:早餐, lunch and dinner. Check with your doctor for target blood sugar levels.
Other Treatments
大多数患有妊娠糖尿病的妇女能够通过简单地调整饮食来控制血糖. You'll need to follow the diet guidelines until your baby is born. After delivery, most women are able to resume their normal eating habits. 妊娠期糖尿病不会影响你给宝宝喂奶.
For about 30 percent of women who develop gestational diabetes, following a diet is not enough to control their blood sugar, and they need to take insulin. Insulin is safe during pregnancy. If you're taking insulin, 你仍然需要继续按照规定的饮食和监测你的血糖水平.
After Delivery
宝宝出生后,你的血糖会被检查以确保正常. 幸运的是,妊娠期糖尿病几乎总是在宝宝出生后消失. If your blood sugar doesn't return to normal, it may mean that you had diabetes before you became pregnant.
要记住的最重要的事情是在再次怀孕前检查你的血糖. 患有妊娠糖尿病的女性患2型糖尿病的风险更高. 怀孕前患有糖尿病的女性患妊娠并发症的风险更高. Elevated maternal blood sugar during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, when the major organ systems are developing, increases risks to the fetus. 患有糖尿病的妇女可以通过在怀孕前使血糖正常来提高她们生一个健康宝宝的机会.
UCSF Health medical specialists have reviewed this information. 它仅用于教育目的,并不打算取代您的十大赌博平台排行榜或其他医疗保健提供者的建议. 我们鼓励您与您的供应商讨论您可能遇到的任何问题或疑虑.